Stellar is an open-source payment network that connects financial institutions to make it easy to create, send, and trade digital representations of all forms of money. Its primary goal is to provide fast, low-cost cross-border transfers and financial services to individuals in developing economies who may not have access to traditional banking. The network's native cryptocurrency, **Stellar Lumen (XLM)**, is a utility token that powers the network.
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A Brief History of Stellar
Stellar was launched in 2014 by Jed McCaleb, a co-founder of both Mt. Gox and Ripple, and Joyce Kim. Shortly after its launch, they partnered with Stripe CEO Patrick Collison to create the **Stellar Development Foundation (SDF)**, a non-profit organization that supports the network's development. During its Initial Coin Offering (ICO), the project raised $39 million and initially deployed 100 billion lumens. In November 2019, the SDF conducted a controversial token burn, destroying over 50 billion XLM, which resulted in a short-lived price increase of over 25% in 48 hours. The network gained almost 3 million users within its first year.
How Stellar Works
Stellar functions like other decentralized payment technologies, maintaining a network of decentralized servers and a distributed ledger that updates every 2 to 5 seconds. However, its most significant difference is its consensus protocol, the **Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP)**. Unlike Bitcoin's Proof of Work (PoW) system, SCP does not require the entire network to approve transactions. Instead, it uses a unique algorithm called the **Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA)**. This algorithm allows each node to select a group of "trustworthy" nodes, called a "quorum slice." A transaction is considered valid once it's approved by all the nodes within that specific slice. This process makes Stellar's network exceptionally fast, capable of processing up to 1,000 transactions per second.
What is Stellar Used For?
Stellar's primary use case is facilitating seamless, low-cost, and fast cross-border payments. It allows users to create, send, and trade digital representations of any form of money, whether it's dollars, euros, pesos, or other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
The Stellar network also allows for the **tokenization** of any asset. Users can issue a token that acts as a tradable, redeemable representation of a real-world asset, such as gold, shares, or even a unit of time. The Stellar protocol then connects buyers and sellers, enabling a distributed exchange mode. This functionality is especially useful for cross-border transfers and payments, as it links financial institutions and dramatically reduces transaction costs and time delays.