Traditional bonds are beginning to move on-chain, bringing tokenisation into a market that has long relied on conventional financial infrastructure. Crypto bonds use blockchain-based systems to represent debt digitally and can change how issuance, trading, settlement and custody are handled. Learn how crypto bonds work and how they differ from traditional bonds.
Crypto bonds are generally understood as bonds that use blockchain or other distributed ledger technology for issuance, ownership records, transfers and debt management. They may also be described as blockchain bonds, while institutional markets more commonly use terms such as tokenised bonds or digital bonds.
The underlying instrument is still a bond: An issuer borrows money from investors and agrees to repay it according to set terms. What changes is the infrastructure used for transactions.
Tokenised bonds can take different forms. Some conventional bonds are issued and held off-chain, with blockchain tokens representing the underlying asset. Others are issued directly on-chain, meaning the digital token itself forms part of the bond’s issuance and ownership record. These are sometimes described as non-native and native real-world assets (RWAs), respectively.
The term ‘crypto bond’ can also be used more broadly for debt instruments linked to crypto assets, so its meaning can vary by context. In this guide, we use it mainly to describe tokenised or blockchain-based bonds rather than treating it as a single, formally defined asset class.
Learn more about the broader tokenisation trend in our guide to tokenised real-world assets.
Blockchain bonds use distributed ledger technology to record transactions and, in some cases, smart contracts to automate parts of the bond lifecycle. A smart contract is code that carries out predefined actions when specified conditions are met.
That can reduce manual handoffs across processes such as issuance, servicing and settlement, although the exact setup depends on the bond and the infrastructure supporting it.
Smart contracts can be programmed to trigger payment-related functions within a bond’s digital infrastructure. That doesn’t mean the code itself is always the legal paying agent.
The distinction matters because operational automation and legal accountability are separate. A blockchain system may execute a payment instruction automatically while regulated entities or contractual parties remain responsible for the transaction.
Learn more about how smart contracts can automate recurring processes.
Atomic settlement is when the transfer of a bond and the corresponding payment happen together as a single coordinated transaction. For blockchain bonds, this can be possible when both the bond token and the payment asset operate on compatible digital infrastructure.
The bond is delivered only if the payment is completed, so neither side is left waiting for the other to deliver. However, putting a bond on a blockchain doesn’t automatically remove settlement risk. The benefit depends on how the payment leg is structured, including whether digital or programmable cash is available.
It also has a cost: Both sides usually need the full cash or bonds ready before the trade, rather than settling only the net amount owed across many trades at the end of the day.
Project Genesis, a prototype developed by the BIS Innovation Hub and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, explored how tokenised green bonds could work in a digital environment.
The prototype included streamlined issuance and lifecycle processes, direct exchange between asset holders, as well as transaction tracking. It illustrates how blockchain infrastructure can connect several stages of a bond transaction within one system, rather than relying on multiple disconnected processes.
Hong Kong's government has since moved beyond prototypes, issuing HK$800 million of tokenised green bonds in 2023 and about HK$6 billion of digital green bonds in 2024.
The main difference between traditional bonds and crypto bonds is the infrastructure around the bond, rather than the debt obligation itself.
Tokenisation can change how ownership records, post-trade processing and settlement are handled. It may improve efficiency in some areas, but the extent depends on the bond, the market infrastructure and how the payment side of the transaction is set up.
Project Genesis gives one example of what these differences can look like in practice. In the Liberty Consortium prototype, the Bank for International Settlements and Hong Kong Monetary Authority reported a T+1 closing period compared with a T+7 settlement window in the process being examined.
That result shouldn’t be treated as evidence that blockchain bonds universally settle at T+1, or that tokenisation automatically produces instant settlement. It reflects one project-specific prototype and the results can vary depending on the market and infrastructure involved.
It also doesn't mean traditional bonds take a week to settle. In the US, for example, most securities trades, including corporate bonds, have settled on T+1 (one business day after the trade) since May 2024.
Traditional bonds | Blockchain bonds | |
Record-keeping | May rely on conventional securities and depository infrastructure | Ownership and transaction records can be maintained on a distributed ledger |
Post-trade processing | Clearing and settlement generally take place through established market infrastructure | Tokenisation may combine or streamline parts of the post-trade process |
Settlement | Timing depends on the market, instrument and applicable rules | May support simultaneous delivery and payment when compatible digital payment infrastructure is available |
Lifecycle administration | Relies on established operational systems and service providers | Some processes can be automated or handled through blockchain-based infrastructure |
Market participants | Uses established intermediaries for functions such as custody, compliance and payments | Some roles may change, but custody, compliance and payment functions can still require intermediaries |
Unlike widely traded cryptocurrencies, tokenised bonds may only be available through particular issuers or regulated platforms. Before accessing a tokenised bond, it helps to check:
Note that Crypto.com doesn't currently offer digital bonds. However, eligible users can use the Crypto.com App to access 400+ cryptocurrencies and tokenised assets all from one place.
The terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they aren’t always the same. Tokenised bonds refer to conventional debt instruments represented or issued using blockchain technology, while crypto bonds can be used more broadly for blockchain-based debt or instruments linked to cryptocurrencies. There’s no single, universally accepted definition of ‘crypto bond’.
Crypto bonds aren’t risk-free. Tokenisation doesn’t remove the underlying credit or liquidity risks of a bond and blockchain-based structures can introduce additional legal, operational, custody and technology risks. The level of risk depends on the issuer, bond terms, market and infrastructure involved.
Returns depend on the individual bond’s terms. A digital bond may pay interest or provide another form of return according to its offering documents, just as a conventional bond does. Using blockchain technology doesn’t create a standard yield or guarantee a return.
Some tokenised bonds can be divided into smaller digital units, potentially allowing investors to participate with smaller amounts of capital. This depends on the design of the bond, the platform and applicable rules, so fractional ownership isn’t a feature of every tokenised bond.
Some debt instruments may have principal or payments denominated in cryptocurrency, although this isn’t a defining feature of tokenised bonds. Where crypto is used, changes in its market value can add another layer of volatility alongside the bond’s existing credit and liquidity risks.
Important Information: This is informational content sponsored by Crypto.com and should not be considered as investment advice. Trading cryptocurrencies carries risks, such as price volatility and market risks. Past performance may not indicate future results. There's no assurance of future profitability. Before deciding to trade cryptocurrencies, consider your risk appetite.
